-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Hash: SHA512 Advisory ID: SYSS-2022-054 Product: AudioCodes VoIP Phones Manufacturer: AudioCodes Ltd. Affected Version(s): Firmware Versions >= 3.4.8.M4 Tested Version(s): Firmware Version 3.4.4.1000 Vulnerability Type: Use of Hard-coded Cryptographic Key (CWE-321) Risk Level: Medium Solution Status: Open Manufacturer Notification: 2022-11-11 Solution Date: N.A. Public Disclosure: 2023-08-10 CVE Reference: CVE-2023-22956 Author of Advisory: Moritz Abrell, SySS GmbH ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Overview: AudioCodes VoIP phones are modern desk phones which are used for the operation in enterprise environments. The manufacturer describes the product as follows (see [1]): "The AudioCodes 400HD series of IP phones is a range of easy-to-use, feature-rich desktop devices for the service provider hosted services, enterprise IP telephony and contact center markets. Based on the same advanced, field-proven underlying technology as our other VoIP products, AudioCodes high quality IP phones enable systems integrators and end customers to build end-to-end VoIP solutions." ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Vulnerability Details: The AudioCodes VoIP phones can be managed centrally, whereby configuration files are provided and requested by the phones at a central location. These configuration files can also be provided in encrypted form. This is intended to protect sensitive information within the configuration files from unauthorized access. Due to the use of a hardcoded cryptographic key, an attacker is able to decrypt encrypted configuration files and retrieve sensitive information. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Proof of Concept (PoC): By analyzing the ELF executable "decryption_tool" of an AudioCodes IP phone firmware in a disassembler and decompiler, e.g. Ghidra, the encryption mechanism could be reversed and the hardcoded cryptographic key could be extracted. Used encryption algorithm: Triple DES in CBC mode Memory address of the 64-byte secret for OpenSSL key and IV derivation: 00001e8f Extracting the secret: #> offset=$(python3 -c 'print(int("00001e8f", base=16))') #> dd skip=$offset count=64 if=decryption_tool of=secret.bin bs=1 Deriving the key and IV from the 64-byte secret: #> openssl enc -des-ede3-cbc -P -pass pass:h4dArat[...] -nosalt key = 40DA61FB4831FF53[...] iv = C614B77A[..] With the derived key and IV, it is possible to decrypt encrypted configuration files. As a proof of concept, the OpenSSL command-line tool can be used for decryption: #> openssl enc -d -des-ede3-cbc -pass pass:h4dArat[...] -nosalt \ -in /tmp/encrypted_config.cfg -out /tmp/plain_config.cfg ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Solution: Update devices to firmware version 3.4.8.M4 and define an individual and strong secret from which the encryption key is derived. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Disclosure Timeline: 2022-11-03: Vulnerability discovered 2022-11-11: Vulnerability reported to manufacturer 2022-12-12: Vulnerability confirmed by AudioCodes Ltd. 2023-01-19: AudioCodes Ltd. adapts the documentation so that it no longer states that the passwords are encrypted but obfuscated 2023-07-13: AudioCodes Ltd. informs that the upcoming release 3.4.8.M4 will include a feature that allows setting a custom password from which the key will be derived 2023-08-10: Public disclosure at BlackHat USA[4] 2023-08-11: Public disclosure athttps://blog.syss.com[5] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ References: [1] AudioCodes IP Phones Product Website https://www.audiocodes.com/solutions-products/products/ip-phones [2] SySS Security Advisory SYSS-2022-054 https://www.syss.de/fileadmin/dokumente/Publikationen/Advisories/SYSS-2022-054.txt [3] SySS Responsible Disclosure Policy https://www.syss.de/en/responsible-disclosure-policy [4] BlackHat USA Briefings Session https://www.blackhat.com/us-23/briefings/schedule/#zero-touch-pwn-abusing-zooms-zero-touch-provisioning-for-remote-attacks-on-desk-phones-31341 [5] Detailed Blog Post https://blog.syss.com/posts/zero-touch-pwn/ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Credits: This security vulnerability was found by Moritz Abrell of SySS GmbH. E-Mail:moritz.abrell@syss.de Public Key:https://www.syss.de/fileadmin/dokumente/PGPKeys/Moritz_Abrell.asc Key Fingerprint: 2927 7EB6 1A20 0679 79E9 87E6 AE0C 9BF8 F134 8B53 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Disclaimer: The information provided in this security advisory is provided "as is" and without warranty of any kind. Details of this security advisory may be updated in order to provide as accurate information as possible. The latest version of this security advisory is available on the SySS website. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Copyright: Creative Commons - Attribution (by) - Version 3.0 URL:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- iQIzBAEBCgAdFiEEKSd+thogBnl56Yfmrgyb+PE0i1MFAmS30X4ACgkQrgyb+PE0 i1O6EQ//fO27JxW5z0SwoMTfeW/ciyFskSLhAC3fK3NFGKO6fdvGiZR0wrY6ar4E VxSpYp2QIqxrr5SDGJlm3DBTzsRT7aQPz/kQn7YvB78MsMf7aMxd7Z1cGyuI5qb4 YElvIPtRnkcgovNoVeoxqgUVIFxI6xFSYXmU1camUpjO7wq5R8aH7uhJsbdbvQBE xlObEWNOzafpo0zwyvc3GjinzZSsmVw9uIGeJyZprBctW4HKos1ReI9/0+UPmXuW dafHOPtuuRaE4g+pLsUhVxEO+XcAnjEd1ZwhWIJpYgGMNyceN4muHDToxPwNLZh2 QJQHKr3JguxSpsS1Kp16WJawY7YIfkA7tBRmlIv/Oil/XhcJF7efgAwVZLD6vEpN ZFU/kQTdy8TOnPQue40qB4WVmhq5YvffsVrP97rjhNHRA0Pk9ytxruMr0p09blJ6 5vhAss7cOaFZlFJFs7OGRLe/jpc1blySBUYsLjnm+OZ2rLWbe0R9VFYMsovzUu1W 4HxlXZo41yN/VKPUNvMA4tGZ8+dXLBx+p5x0KKossp+ZWkOFwG9+tqK2ZOsagMV6 Y5XZb66xK8a5R6N0dgbpOpIsvV+lpQJPMFY2sfsK8n1k/b7b5uoxLKbH/AflPWRD dvKvVKkrUvxx2NHtVM4EdFcrsnE6b/s+1H7X6bXzD5KkeW6vIkc= =Mo8G -----END PGP SIGNATURE-----